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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Setting</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The smoking rate in Portugal is 19&#46;2&#37; and 33&#37; in Europe&#46; There is no precise data on the smoking rate of the asthmatic population&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Aim</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the smoking rate and its repercussions on an asthmatic population sample&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Design</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">One hundred and ten asthmatic patients observed in asthma consultations were classified as non-smokers&#44; former-smokers or smokers&#46; Subsequently&#44; based on functional and clinical criteria&#44; they were classified as having Severe Persistent &#40;SPA&#41;&#44; Moderate Persistent &#40;MoPA&#41;&#44; Mild Persistent &#40;MiPA&#41; and Intermittent &#40;IA&#41; Asthma&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">8&#37; of 110 patients &#40;65&#37; female&#41; aged 18 to 78 years were smokers&#44; 9&#37; former-smokers&#44; 83&#37; non-smokers&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Among the asthmatics&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">smokers&#58; 0&#37; SPA&#44; 56&#37; MoPA&#44; 33&#37; MiPA&#44; 11&#37; IA&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">former smokers&#58; 10&#37; SPA&#44; 30&#37;MoPA&#44; 50&#37; MiPA&#44; 10&#37; IA&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">non-smokers&#58; 7&#37; SPA&#44; 27&#37; MoPA&#44; 36&#37; MiPA&#44; 30&#37; IA&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patients with exposure to smoking had worse functional evaluation than those without exposure&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this population sample the rate of current smoking habits &#40;8&#37; of current smokers&#41; was considerably low than in Portugal &#40;19&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#46; Analysis and comparison of asthma severity and functional evaluation detected worse results in both current and former smokers&#46; These reinforce the role of tobacco exposure in asthma aggravation and worsening of its prognosis&#46; Further studies may be important to prove and alert the asthmatic population&#44; in particular&#44; to the well-known risks of smoking&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introdu&#231;&#227;o</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A preval&#234;ncia de h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos em Portugal e na Europa ronda os 19&#44;2 e 33&#37;&#44; respectivamente&#46; N&#227;o existem&#44; por&#233;m&#44; dados precisos quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia de h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos na popoula&#231;&#227;o asm&#225;tica&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectivos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos e sua repercuss&#227;o numa amostra populacional asm&#225;tica&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material e m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cento e dez doentes asm&#225;ticos observados em consultas consecutivas de asma foram classificados como n&#227;o fumadores&#44; ex-fumadores ou fumadores&#44; de acordo com os seus h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#46; Subsequentemente&#44; baseados numa avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e funcional&#44; foram inclu&#237;dos num de quatro grupos&#58; asma persistente severa &#40;APS&#41;&#44; persistente moderada &#40;APM&#41;&#44; persistente ligeira &#40;APL&#41; e intermitente &#40;AI&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre os 110 doentes &#40;65&#37; do sexo feminino&#41;&#44; com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 78&#44; 8&#37; eram fumadores&#44; 9&#37; ex-fumadores e 83&#37; n&#227;o fumadores&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os asm&#225;ticos&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fumadores &#8211; 0&#37; APS&#44; 56&#37; APM&#44; 33&#37; APL&#44; 11&#37;AI&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ex-fumadores &#8211; 10&#37; APS&#44; 30&#37; APM&#44; 50&#37; APL&#44; 10&#37;AI&#59;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8211;</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">N&#227;o fumadores &#8211; 7&#37;APS&#44; 27&#37;APM&#44; 36&#37;APL&#44; 30&#37;AI&#59;</p></li></ul></p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional foi globalmente pior em doentes com exposi&#231;&#227;o &#40;actual ou pr&#233;via&#41; a tabaco&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclus&#227;o</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A preval&#234;ncia de h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos nesta amostra populacional foi de 8&#37;&#44; consideravelmente inferior &#224; sua preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa &#40;19&#44;2&#37;&#41;&#46; A an&#225;lise e compara&#231;&#227;o do grau de severidade de asma e da sua avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional revelou resultados piores na popula&#231;&#227;o de fumadores e ex-fumadores&#46; Estes refor&#231;am o papel da exposi&#231;&#227;o ao tabaco como factor de agravamento da asma e&#44; consequentemente&#44; do seu progn&#243;stico&#46; Estudos posteriores podem revelar-se importantes na comprova&#231;&#227;o dos bem conhecidos riscos dos h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos&#44; contribuindo para alertar a popula&#231;&#227;o asm&#225;tica neste sentido&#46;</p>"
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Vol. 14. Issue 5.
Pages 617-624 (September - October 2008)
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Vol. 14. Issue 5.
Pages 617-624 (September - October 2008)
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The smoking rate and its repercussions on an asthmatic population sample
Prevalência de hábitos tabágicos e sua repercussão numa população de asmáticos
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Bárbara Seabra1,
Corresponding author
i.live@iname.com

Correspondence/Correspondência: R. Prof. Mota Pinto 248, 8.° Dto., 4100-356 Porto, Portugal. Fax: +227865100.
, Miguel Guimarães2, Aurora Carvalho2, Raquel Duarte2
1 Interna Complementar de Pneumologia, Departamento de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia / Resident, specialist training in Pulmonology, Pulmonology Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia
2 Assistente Hospitalar de Pneumologia, Departamento de Pneumologia, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia / Pulmonology Consultant, Pulmonology Unit, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia
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Abstract
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Statistics
Abstract
Setting

The smoking rate in Portugal is 19.2% and 33% in Europe. There is no precise data on the smoking rate of the asthmatic population.

Aim

To determine the smoking rate and its repercussions on an asthmatic population sample.

Design

One hundred and ten asthmatic patients observed in asthma consultations were classified as non-smokers, former-smokers or smokers. Subsequently, based on functional and clinical criteria, they were classified as having Severe Persistent (SPA), Moderate Persistent (MoPA), Mild Persistent (MiPA) and Intermittent (IA) Asthma.

Results

8% of 110 patients (65% female) aged 18 to 78 years were smokers, 9% former-smokers, 83% non-smokers.

Among the asthmatics:

  • smokers: 0% SPA, 56% MoPA, 33% MiPA, 11% IA;

  • former smokers: 10% SPA, 30%MoPA, 50% MiPA, 10% IA;

  • non-smokers: 7% SPA, 27% MoPA, 36% MiPA, 30% IA.

Patients with exposure to smoking had worse functional evaluation than those without exposure.

Conclusion

In this population sample the rate of current smoking habits (8% of current smokers) was considerably low than in Portugal (19.2%). Analysis and comparison of asthma severity and functional evaluation detected worse results in both current and former smokers. These reinforce the role of tobacco exposure in asthma aggravation and worsening of its prognosis. Further studies may be important to prove and alert the asthmatic population, in particular, to the well-known risks of smoking.

Key-words:
Asthma
smoking
GINA
FEV1
Resumo
Introdução

A prevalência de hábitos tabágicos em Portugal e na Europa ronda os 19,2 e 33%, respectivamente. Não existem, porém, dados precisos quanto à prevalência de hábitos tabágicos na popoulação asmática.

Objectivos

Determinar a prevalência de hábitos tabágicos e sua repercussão numa amostra populacional asmática.

Material e métodos

Cento e dez doentes asmáticos observados em consultas consecutivas de asma foram classificados como não fumadores, ex-fumadores ou fumadores, de acordo com os seus hábitos tabágicos. Subsequentemente, baseados numa avaliação clínica e funcional, foram incluídos num de quatro grupos: asma persistente severa (APS), persistente moderada (APM), persistente ligeira (APL) e intermitente (AI).

Resultados

Entre os 110 doentes (65% do sexo feminino), com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 78, 8% eram fumadores, 9% ex-fumadores e 83% não fumadores.

Distribuição entre os asmáticos:

  • Fumadores – 0% APS, 56% APM, 33% APL, 11%AI;

  • Ex-fumadores – 10% APS, 30% APM, 50% APL, 10%AI;

  • Não fumadores – 7%APS, 27%APM, 36%APL, 30%AI;

A avaliação funcional foi globalmente pior em doentes com exposição (actual ou prévia) a tabaco.

Conclusão

A prevalência de hábitos tabágicos nesta amostra populacional foi de 8%, consideravelmente inferior à sua prevalência na população portuguesa (19,2%). A análise e comparação do grau de severidade de asma e da sua avaliação funcional revelou resultados piores na população de fumadores e ex-fumadores. Estes reforçam o papel da exposição ao tabaco como factor de agravamento da asma e, consequentemente, do seu prognóstico. Estudos posteriores podem revelar-se importantes na comprovação dos bem conhecidos riscos dos hábitos tabágicos, contribuindo para alertar a população asmática neste sentido.

Palavras-chave:
Asma
tabaco
GINA
VEMS
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Bibliography
[1.]
The European Report on Tobacco Control Policy – 1997–2001 – WHO – Regional Office for Europe.
[2.]
Insitituto Nacional de Estatística, 1998/9.
[3.]
S.K. Jindal, D. Gupta, A. Singh.
Indices of morbidity and control of asthma in adult patients exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.
Chest, 106 (1994), pp. 746-749
[4.]
L.P. Boulet, C. Lemière, F. Archambault, G. Carrier, M.C. Descary, F. Deschesnes.
Smoking and asthma: Clinical and radiologic features, lung function, and airway.
Chest, 129 (2006), pp. 661-668
[5.]
H.A.H. Wijnhoven, D.M.W. Kriegsman, A.E. Hesselink, et al.
Determinants of different dimensions of disease severity in asthma and COPD: Pulmonary function and health-related quality of life”.
Chest, 119 (2001), pp. 1034-1042
[6.]
Global Initiative for Asthma – Global strategy for asthma management and prevention.
Copyright © 2008. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia
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