Journal Information
Vol. 7. Issue 1.
Pages 25-33 (January - February 2001)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 7. Issue 1.
Pages 25-33 (January - February 2001)
ARTIGO ORIGINAL/ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Open Access
Tabagismo passivo e gravidade da asma brônquica na criança
Passive smoking and severity of childhood asthma
Visits
4767
Elsa Pargana*,****, Ângela Gaspar*, Cristina Santa Marta**, Graça Pires**, Sara Prates**, Mário Morais de Almeida**, José Rosado Pinto***
* Interna do Internato Complementar de Imunoalergologia do Hospital de Dona Estefânia
** Assistente Hospitalar de Imunoalergologia do Hospital de Dona Estefânia
*** Director do Serviço de Imunoalergologia do Hospital de Dona Estefânia
This item has received

Under a Creative Commons license
Article information
RESUMO

A importância da exposição tabágica ambiencial na patogénese da asma brônquica infantil tem sido documentada, podendo relacionar-se com a sua gravidade e limitação da função pulmonar.

Objectivo: Avaliar a importância da exposição tabágica como factor de gravidade, relacionado com o internamento hospitalar, na asma brônquica infantil.

Métodos: Foram caracterizados os hábitos tabágicos de 128 famílias de crianças, com uma idade média de 4.3 anos, internadas por exacerbação de asma, durante um período de dois anos, correlacionando os dados obtidos com os de uma amostra de crianças observadas na consulta, emparelhada poridade, sexo e meio sócio-económico-cultural.

Resultados: Os hábitos tabágicos eram significativamente mais elevados nas famílias das crianças internadas, estando presentes em 80% destas comparativamente a 46% das famílias das crianças observadas na consulta (p<0.0001). As crianças sujeitas a exposição tabágica apresentavam um risco relativo de 4.6 (IC95%=2.6-8.0) para internamento hospitalar. O pai foi identificado como o principal responsável pelo tabagismo passivo em ambas as populações (p<0.0001; OR=3.0, IC95%=1.8-4.9). Na amostra de crianças internadas o número de mulheres fumadoras era significativamente superior (35%) ao observado na população da consulta (23%): p=0.04; OR=1.8, IC95%=1.0-3.1.

Conclusõo: A existência de tabagismo passivo parental, em particular materno, é um factor de risco significativo para a gravidade da asma brônquica infantil. A prevenção primária, com evicção da exposição tabágica na criança, deverá ser o objectivo a atingir.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2001; VII (1):

Palavras-chave:
Tabagismo passivo
Asma brônquica
Internamento
Criança
Factor de risco
ABSTRACT

There is an increasing evidence that passive smoking is involved in the etiology of childhood asthma and may be related to its severity and to pulmonary function limitation.

Purpose: To evaluate if environmental tobacco smoke exposure could be a risk factor for childhood asthma admission.

Methods: We characterise the smoking habits of 128 families of children (mean age 4.3years), admitted to hospital for asthma, during a period of two years, correlating the obtained data with a sample of families of asthmatic outpatients, matched by age, gender and socio-economical conditions.

Results: We found in the in-patient families a smoking prevalence of 80% vs 46% in the out-patient families (p<0.0001). The asthmatic children with passive tobacco smoke had a relative risk of 4.6 (95%CI=2.6-8.0) to hospital admission. In most of the cases, the father was responsible for tobacco consumption (65% in in-patients vs 38% in outpatients - p<0.0001; OR=3.0, 95%CI=1.8-4.9). In mothers, the higher prevalence of smoking habits was identified among the hospitalised children (35% vs 23% - p=0.04; OR=1.8, 95%CI=1.0-3.1).

Conclusion: Passive parental smoking, namely from the mother, is an significant risk factor for childhood asthma severity. The prevention of exposition must be the goal to achieve.

REV PORT PNEUMOL 2001; VII (1):

Key-words:
Passive smoking
Bronchial asthma
Children
Admission
Risk factor
Full text is only aviable in PDF
BIBLIOGRAFIA
[1.]
R. Evans, D.I. Mullally, R.W. Wilson, P.J. Gergen, H.M. Rosenberg, J.S. Grauman, F.M. Chevarley, M. Feinleib.
National trends in the morbidity and mortality of asthma in the US. Prevalence, hospitalization and death from asthma over two decades: 1965-1984.
Chest, 91 (1987), pp. 65-74
[2.]
H.R. Anderson.
Increase in hospital admission for childhood asthma: trends in referral, severity, and readmissions from 1970 to 1985 in a health region of the United Kingdom.
Thorax, 44 (1989), pp. 614-619
[3.]
P.J. Gergen, K.B. Weiss.
Changing patterns of astma hospitalization among children: 1979 to 1987.
JAMA, 264 (1990), pp. 1688-1692
[4.]
GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR ASTHMA MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTION.
NHLBI/WHO Workshop Report. 1993, pp. 1-76
[5.]
T. To, P. Dick, W. Feldman, R. Hernandez.
A Cohort study on childhood asthma admissions and readmissions.
Pediatrics, 98 (1996), pp. 191-195
[6.]
J. Storr, E. Barrell, W. Lenney.
Rising asthma admissions and self referral.
Arch Dis Child, 63 (1988), pp. 774-779
[7.]
E.A. Mitchell, J.M. Bland, J.M.D. Thompson.
Risk factors for readmission to hospital for asthma in childhood.
Thorax, 49 (1994), pp. 33-36
[8.]
I.B. Tager, S.T. Weiss, A. Munoz, B. Rosner, F.E. Speizer.
Longitudinal study of the effects of maternal smoking on pulmonary function in children.
N Engl J Med, 309 (1983), pp. 699-703
[9.]
D.M. Fergusson, L.J. Horwood.
Parental smoking and respiratory illness during early childhooh: a 6 year longitudinal study.
Pediatr Pulmonol, 1 (1985), pp. 99-106
[10.]
A.B. Murray, B.J. Morrison.
The effect of cigarette smoke from the mother on bronchial responsiveness and severity of symptoms in children with asthma.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 77 (1986), pp. 575-581
[11.]
M. Weitzman, S. Gortmaker, D.K. Walker, A. Sobol.
Maternal smoking and childhood asthma.
Pediatrics, 85 (1990), pp. 505-511
[12.]
A.L. Wright, C. Holberg, F.D. Martinez, L.M. Taussig.
Relationship of parental smoking to wheezing and nonwheezing lower respiratory tract illnesses in infancy.
J Pediatr, 118 (1991), pp. 207-214
[13.]
X. Wang, D. Wypij, D.R. Gold, F.E. Speizer, J.H. Ware, B.G. Ferris, D.W. Dockery.
A longitudinal study of the effects of parental smoking on pulmonary function in children 6-18 years.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149 (1994), pp. 1420-1425
[14.]
V. Søyseth, J. Kongerud, J. Boe.
Postnatal maternal smoking increases the prevalence of asthma but not of bronchial hyperresponsiveness or atopy in their children.
Chest, 107 (1995), pp. 389-394
[15.]
M. Graffar.
Une méthode de Classification Social d´echantillon de la population.
Courrier, 6 (1956), pp. 455-459
[16.]
A. Gaspar, M. Morais De Almeida, G. Pires, S. Prates, R. Câmara, N. Godinho, C. Ar_De, J. Abreu Nogueira, J. Rosado Pinto.
Factores de risco para internamento na criança asmática.
Rev Port Imunoalergol, (1999),
[17.]
Continente.
Dados gerais. Consumo de tabaco, Departamento de Estudos e Planeamento da Saúde (DEPS), (1997),
[18.]
S. Harlap, A.M. Davies.
Infant admissions to the hospital and maternal smoking.
Lancet, 1 (1974), pp. 529-532
[19.]
P. Rantakallio.
Relationship of maternal smoking to morbidity and mortality of the child up to the age of five.
Act Paediatr Scand, 67 (1978), pp. 621-631
[20.]
D.M. Fergusson, L.J. Horwood, F.T. Shannon.
Parental smoking and respiratory illness in infancy.
Arch Dis Child, 55 (1980), pp. 358-361
[21.]
P. Rantakallio.
A follow-up study up to the age of 14 of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy.
Acta Paediatr Scand, 72 (1983), pp. 747-753
[22.]
Y. Chen, W. Li, S. Yu.
Influence of passive smoking on admissions for respiratory illness in early childhood.
Brit Med J, 293 (1986), pp. 303-306
[23.]
F.D. Martinez, G. Antognoni, F. Macri, E. Bonci, F. Midulla, G. De Castro, R. Ronchetti.
Parental smoking enhances bronchial responsiveness in nine-year-old children.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 138 (1988), pp. 518-523
[24.]
F.D. Martinez, M. Cline, B. Burrows.
Increased incidence of asthma in children of smoking mothers.
Pediatrics, 89 (1992), pp. 21-26
[25.]
D.L. Sherrill, F.D. Martinez, M.D. Lebowitz, M.D. Holdaway, E.M. Flannery, G.P. Herbison, W.R. Stanton, P.A. Silva, M.R. Sears.
Longitudinal effects of passive smoking on pulmonary function in New Zealand children.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 145 (1992), pp. 1136-1141
[26.]
J. Cunningham, G.T. O’Connor, D.W. Dockery, F.E. Speizer.
Environmental tobacco smoke, wheezing, and asthma in children in 24 communities.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153 (1996), pp. 218-224
[27.]
P.J. Gergen, J.A. Fowler, K.R. Maurer, W.W. Davis, M.D. Overpeck.
The burden of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on the respiratory health of children 2 months through 5 years of age in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994.
Pediatrics, 101 (1998), pp. E8
[28.]
R.I. Ehrlich, D. Du Toit, E. Jordaan, M. Zwarenstein, P. Potter, J.A. Volmink, E. Weinberg.
Risk factors for childhood asthma and wheezing.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 681-688
[29.]
M. Morais Almeida, A. Gaspar, I. Andrade, K.M. Ieong, R. Câmara, A.C. Marques, N. Andrade, J. Romeira, F. Drummond Borges, J. Humberto, J. Rosado Pinto.
Sensibilização alergénica em diferentes populações – atopia versus asma.
Rev Port Imunoalergol, 6 (1998), pp. 166s
[30.]
G.T. O’Connor, S.T. Weiss, I.B. Tager, F.E. Speizer.
The effect of passive smoking on pulmonary funtion and nonspecific bronchial responsiveness in a population based sample of children and young adults.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 135 (1987), pp. 800-804
[31.]
B.A. Chilmonczyk, L.M. Salmun, K.N. Megathlin, L.M. Neveux, G.E. Palomaki, G.J. Knight, A.J. Pulkkinen, J.E. Haddow.
Association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and exacerbations of asthma in children.
N Engl J Med, 328 (1993), pp. 1665-1669
[32.]
A.B. Murray, B.J. Morrison.
Passive smoking by asthmatics: its greater effect on boys than on girls and on older than on younger children.
Pediatrics, 84 (1989), pp. 451-459
[33.]
T. Frischer, J. Kuehr, R. Meinert, W. Karmaus, R. Barth, E. Hermann-Kunz, R. Urbanek.
Maternal smoking in early childhood: a risk factor for bronchial responsiveness to exercise in primary-school children.
J Pediatr, 121 (1992), pp. 17-22
[34.]
A.B. Murray, B.J. Morrison.
The decrease in severity of asthma in children of parents who smoke since the parents have been exposing them to less cigarette smoke.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 91 (1993), pp. 102-110
[35.]
D. Evans, M.J.H. Levision, C.H. Feldan, N.M. Clark, Y. Wasilewski, B. Levin, R.B. Mellins.
The impact of passive smoking on emergency room visits of urban children with asthma.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 135 (1987), pp. 567-572
[36.]
W.J. Morgan, F.D. Martinez.
Risk factors for developing wheezing and asthma in children.
Pediatr Clin North Am, 39 (1992), pp. 1185-1203
[37.]
R. Ronchetti, E. Bonci, R. Cutrera, G. De Castro, L. Indinnimeo, F. Midulla, G. Tancredi, F.D. Martinez.
Enhanced allergic sensitisation related to parental smoking.
Arch Dis Child, 67 (1992), pp. 496-500
[38.]
C.G.M. Magnusson.
Maternal smoking influences cord serum IgE and IgD levels and increases the risk for subsequent infant allergy.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 78 (1986), pp. 898-904
[39.]
S. Halken, A. H_St, L. Nilsson, E. Taudorf.
Passive smoking as a risk factor for development of obstructive respiratory disease and allergic sensitization.
Allergy, 50 (1995), pp. 97-105
[40.]
F.D. Gilliland, K. Berhane, R. McConnell, W.J. Gauderman, H. Vora, E.B. Rappaport, E. Avol, J.M. Peters.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke exposure and childhood lung function.
Thorax, 55 (2000), pp. 271-276
[41.]
B.H. Azizi, H.I. Zulkifli, S. Kasim.
Indoor air pollution and asthma in hospitalized children in a tropical environment.
J Asthma, 32 (1995), pp. 413-418
[42.]
C. Macarthur, C. Calpin, P.C. Parkin, W. Feldman.
Factors associated with pediatric asthma readmissions.
J Allergy Clin Immunol, 98 (1996), pp. 992-993
[43.]
E. Rylander, G. Pershagen, M. Eriksson, L. Nordvall.
Parental smoking and other risk factors for wheezing bronchitis in children.
Eur J Epidemiol, 9 (1993), pp. 517-526
Copyright © 2001. Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia/SPP
Download PDF
Pulmonology
Article options
Tools

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?